Doppler structure in echoes from schools of pelagic fish

The frequency distribution of energy in direct path echoes from three schools of pelagic fish is preaented. One-half-second 30-kHz CW pulses were used to study motions internal to the fish schools from distance8 up to 1200 m. The measured Doppler spread of echo enagy ranged fmm 30 Hz to 70 Hz The Doppler spread-at-side aspect is related to swimming motions by a simple algebraic model based on Bainbridge’s equation relating fish swimming speed, length, tail-beat amplitude, and tail-beat frequency. The mathematical model was used to estimate the length of the fish in two of the scheols. Theae length estimates agree with average fish lengths derived from school cruising Speeds. Near head or tail aspect, the obaem’ed Doppler StNCtn appa~s to bc related to behaviorsl swimming chmnc~stics.